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| ==== The Risks of Stereotypes ==== | ==== The Risks of Stereotypes ==== | ||
| - | One of the major reasons for relocation in the aged is a change in health status<ref name="Porell">Stoeckel, K.J., & Porell, F. (2010). Do older adults anticipate | + | One of the major reasons for relocation in the aged is a change in health status<ref name="Porell">Stoeckel, K.J., & Porell, F. (2010). Do older adults anticipate relocation? The relationship between housing relocation expectations and falls. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(2), 231-250</ref>. With old age, health often becomes less predictable and can produce rapid declines in autonomy. Personal experiences are often defined in terms of common stereotypes when a decrease in autonomy occurs<ref name="Langer" /><ref name="Schulz">Schulz, R. & Hanusa, B.H., (1980). Experimental social gerontology: a social psychological perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 36(2), 30- 46</ref>. The current stereotypes associated with old age tend to be negative and, therefore, place a greater emphasis on decline than actually exists<ref name="Langer" />. The negative nature of these stereotypes serves as a means to lower an individual’s self efficacy. |
| ==== Stereotype Threat and the Effects of Labeling ==== | ==== Stereotype Threat and the Effects of Labeling ==== | ||
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| ==== How to Improved Outcomes for Relocation ==== | ==== How to Improved Outcomes for Relocation ==== | ||
| - | Concerning relocation, better outcomes have been found in situations where greater perceived control and a more predictable environment were present. Research by Stoeckel and Porell determined that when the aged were involved in the decision to relocate, it often made the transition easier. Furthermore, due to the nature of health in old age it has been found that many individuals actually anticipate a relocation before it takes place <ref name=" | + | Concerning relocation, better outcomes have been found in situations where greater perceived control and a more predictable environment were present. Research by Stoeckel and Porell determined that when the aged were involved in the decision to relocate, it often made the transition easier. Furthermore, due to the nature of health in old age it has been found that many individuals actually anticipate a relocation before it takes place <ref name="Porell" />. There has also been research showing that if the environment that the individual is being moved to is more predictable, it greatly reduces negative effects of the move<ref name="Schulz" /><ref name="Rodin">Rodin, J., (1986). Aging and health: effects of the sense of control. Science, 233(4770), 1271-1276</ref>. |
| - | --[[User:Jm11ad|Jm11ad]] | + | --[[User:Jm11ad|Jm11ad]] 14:06, 30 October 2011 (EDT)-- |
| ==Notes and References== | ==Notes and References== | ||
| <references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 14:06, 30 October 2011
Contents |
Importance of Self-Efficacy and Perceived Control in Relocation of the Aged
Perceptions of control are important predictors of behavior and social behaviour[1]. This is no difference in the aged. When moving an aging relative into a more care intensive environment, such as a Nursing home or long term care facility, the issues of self efficacy and perceived control are particularly important factors in both preparing and facilitating the transition.
Self-Efficacy
Self efficacy is an individual’s belief in how well they can perform a specific task [1]. If an individual is confident, it can improve their ability to complete the task. The opposite is true for individuals with a low level of confidence. Interestingly, social stereotypes can affect a person’s view of self efficacy; for example, negative stereotypes decrease self efficacy[2].
The Risks of Stereotypes
One of the major reasons for relocation in the aged is a change in health status[3]. With old age, health often becomes less predictable and can produce rapid declines in autonomy. Personal experiences are often defined in terms of common stereotypes when a decrease in autonomy occurs[2][4]. The current stereotypes associated with old age tend to be negative and, therefore, place a greater emphasis on decline than actually exists[2]. The negative nature of these stereotypes serves as a means to lower an individual’s self efficacy.
Stereotype Threat and the Effects of Labeling
Research has shown that the aged tend to be placed in situations resulting in something called ‘stereotype threat’ [2]. Stereotype threat is when anxiety is experienced when placed into a situation where a stereotype can be confirmed. When put into situations where there is potential to confirm people’s expectations, they are more likely to attribute any failure to the stereotype. When discussing the old age stereotype of senility, Rodin and Langer (1980) believe(e)very time a mistake is made or a thought is forgotten, older people may question whether their mental capacities are diminishing[5][6] Therefore idea of labeling an individual also changes the way they are likely to perceive their successes or failures resulting in an internalization of the stereotype (Rodin, 1986).
How to Prevent Stereotype from influencing Self-Efficacy
Fortunately, the process that is used to attribute success or failures can be altered by changing the way how an aged person looks at a situation. Rodin and Langer (1980) conducted an experiment in which new nursing home residents were told that the declines they were experiencing were a direct result of “age-environment interaction” problems. Essentially, the residents were given another means of explaining the reason for how they were feeling and performing. The experiment found that this group showed agreatly improved behavior, including an increase in active participation and sociability[7]
Perceived Control
Perceived control is the degree to which an individual feels they are responsible for factors surrounding them. (ref) When it comes to the aged, perceived control plays a large role in day to day life which can be influenced by the possibility of major life changes in health and living arrangements. According to Schulz and Hanusa (1980) perceived control is one of the“critical determinants of the aged’s physical and psychological well-being[8].”
Perceived Control in Day to Day Living
In terms of day to day living, either in a care or residential setting, there is a relationship between stress and control. Another thing that is important to consider is the role that age plays in terms of perceived control. Age influences sense of control, health maintenance, and when the individual will seek medical attention[9]. This will not only affect the degree to which the aged try to take responsibility for their own care, but also affects their overall life expectancy. This can be seen in an experiment conducted by Langer and Rodin. When the amount of responsibility given to residents of a nursing home was manipulated, the researchers found that residents were more social, happy, and experienced an increase in life expectancy compared to the control group[9]. Schulz and Hanusa later reported that it is the relative increase in control, rather than the finite amount of control, that is important[10].
How to Improved Outcomes for Relocation
Concerning relocation, better outcomes have been found in situations where greater perceived control and a more predictable environment were present. Research by Stoeckel and Porell determined that when the aged were involved in the decision to relocate, it often made the transition easier. Furthermore, due to the nature of health in old age it has been found that many individuals actually anticipate a relocation before it takes place [3]. There has also been research showing that if the environment that the individual is being moved to is more predictable, it greatly reduces negative effects of the move[4][9].
--Jm11ad 14:06, 30 October 2011 (EDT)--
Notes and References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rodgers, W.M., Conner, M., & Murray, T.C., (2008). Distinguishing among perceived control, perceived difficulty, and self-efficacy as determinants of intentions and behaviours. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 607-630
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rodin, J., & Langer, E, (1980). Aging labels: the decline of control and the fall of self-esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 36(2), 12-29
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stoeckel, K.J., & Porell, F. (2010). Do older adults anticipate relocation? The relationship between housing relocation expectations and falls. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(2), 231-250
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schulz, R. & Hanusa, B.H., (1980). Experimental social gerontology: a social psychological perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 36(2), 30- 46
- ↑ Rodin & Langer, 1980, p. 15
- ↑ Rodin & Langer, 1980, p. 15
- ↑ Rodin & Langer, 1980, p. 24
- ↑ p. 31
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rodin, J., (1986). Aging and health: effects of the sense of control. Science, 233(4770), 1271-1276
- ↑ Cite error 8; No text given.
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