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	Being verbally abused is the most common form of psychological abuse, however abuse types are often co-occurring among the elderly. Psychological abuse is the most common and the most prevalent in women of the types of elderly abuse, and although it is the most common, psychological abuse is often accompanied by physical or sexual abuse<ref name="Fisher" />. Elderly women who experience psychological abuse are often dismissive about the abuse, as they are thankful that physical and sexual abuse is not occurring, or it has ended <ref name="Fisher" />. Once psychological abuse occurs, it is more likely to occur again, more than half of elderly women who have been abused psychologically have been repeatedly abused<ref name="Fisher" />. In a survey of nearly one thousand women age 55 or older, nearly half of the women said that they had suffered from at least one form of abuse since becoming elderly <ref name="Fisher" />. These women were less likely to be as healthy as their elderly counterparts how were not abused.Psychological abuse can also affect health, negative health effects include (but are not limited to) chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and cardiac problems <ref name="Fisher" />. Another study showed that in the United States, African-Americans are almost twice as likely to be abused psychologically than non African Americans, the rates are 24.4% versus 13.2 percent, which suggests that racial differences are in play and this information should be researched further by health professionals and psychologists alike<ref name="Beach"> Beach.S., Schulz,R.,Castle,N., and Rosen,J. (2010) Financial Exploitations and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non-African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 50(6) 744-746. DOI:10.1093/geront/gnq053 </ref>. Psychological or emotional abuse is more common than physical abuse, but only slightly<ref name="Fisher" />.		Being verbally abused is the most common form of psychological abuse, however abuse types are often co-occurring among the elderly. Psychological abuse is the most common and the most prevalent in women of the types of elderly abuse, and although it is the most common, psychological abuse is often accompanied by physical or sexual abuse<ref name="Fisher" />. Elderly women who experience psychological abuse are often dismissive about the abuse, as they are thankful that physical and sexual abuse is not occurring, or it has ended <ref name="Fisher" />. Once psychological abuse occurs, it is more likely to occur again, more than half of elderly women who have been abused psychologically have been repeatedly abused<ref name="Fisher" />. In a survey of nearly one thousand women age 55 or older, nearly half of the women said that they had suffered from at least one form of abuse since becoming elderly <ref name="Fisher" />. These women were less likely to be as healthy as their elderly counterparts how were not abused.Psychological abuse can also affect health, negative health effects include (but are not limited to) chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and cardiac problems <ref name="Fisher" />. Another study showed that in the United States, African-Americans are almost twice as likely to be abused psychologically than non African Americans, the rates are 24.4% versus 13.2 percent, which suggests that racial differences are in play and this information should be researched further by health professionals and psychologists alike<ref name="Beach"> Beach.S., Schulz,R.,Castle,N., and Rosen,J. (2010) Financial Exploitations and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non-African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 50(6) 744-746. DOI:10.1093/geront/gnq053 </ref>. Psychological or emotional abuse is more common than physical abuse, but only slightly<ref name="Fisher" />.
		+	--[[User:Vc09rk|Vc09rk]] 13:16, 31 October 2011 (EDT)
	===Decreasing and Helping Psychological Abuse Victims===		===Decreasing and Helping Psychological Abuse Victims===

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Revision as of 13:16, 31 October 2011

Contents 1 group # 12 2 Physical Elder Abuse 2.1 Who is at risk 2.1.1 Prevalence 2.1.2 Prevention 3 Psychological Elder Abuse 3.1 Who is most affected by Psychological Elder Abuse 3.2 Decreasing and Helping Psychological Abuse Victims 3.3 Signs of Psychological Elder Abuse 4 Notes and References

group # 12

• 1. Angela Gilmour
• 2. Victoria Cowan
• 3. Lauren Bouer

Physical Elder Abuse

Over the last decade, elder abuse has become an increasing problem which has earned a lot of attention from society internationally (Sachs & Pillemer, 2004). A common form of elder abuse is Physical Abuse. Physical elder abuse tends to receive the most attention from the media, and can be defined as intentional actions that cause bodily harm, or risk of bodily harm to an elder (Sachs & Pillemer). This abuse tends to be given by someone who is trusted by the elder, or is in a caregiver role. In many studies physical abuse generally includes hitting, restraining, or deliberately injuring in some other way (Ron Acierno, PhD, Melba A. Hernandez, MS, Ananda B. Amstadter, PhD, Heidi S. Resnick, PhD, Kenneth Steve, MS, Wendy Muzzy, BS, and Dean G. Kilpatrick, PhD, 2010). In a Canadian based study (abstract) data was collected from 2,008 elderly persons regarding abuse. Author found 80 elderly persons reported being abused. Interestingly, physical abuse by the caregiver is reported more often by the caregiver than from the elderly person who is being abused (Ron Acierno, PhD, Melba A. Hernandez, MS, Ananda B. Amstadter, PhD, Heidi S. Resnick, PhD, Kenneth Steve, MS, Wendy Muzzy, BS, and Dean G. Kilpatrick, PhD, 2010). --Lb07eh 11:33, 31 October 2011 (EDT)LB

Who is at risk

A majority of the abuse directed at elders tends to be given by caregivers and people in trust to the elder (Lachs). According to Mihong lee, elders at risk of being victimized physically tend to share some common characteristics with each other. First, many victims live in a shared living situation with their caregiver who is abusing them. Elders who do not live with their caregiver are at much lower risk of victimization. Secondly many studies have found that elderly people are more likely to be victims of physical abuse if they are suffering from dementia. This is likely attributed to the stress this disease can cause on the caregiver. Social isolation is a third variable that appears to be present in families in which elder abuse occurs. Social isolation that some elders seem to prefer actually increases familial stress which can give rise to an abusive environment. It is also possible that the abusers may isolate the elderly person so no one is able to find out about the abuse. There are many other situations and characteristics which are theorized to contribute to elder abuse as well. Elders who live with a family member who misuses drugs or alcohol are also at a greater risk. It is also important to note that most caregivers who abuse an elderly person tend to also be heavily dependent on the elder person. --Lb07eh 11:33, 31 October 2011 (EDT)LB

Prevalence

Canadian and American instances of physical abuse on elders differ quite a bit. A study on recent international physical elder abuse states that it is likely that 4.3% of elderly adults are physically abused in some way. As mentioned previously, these rates are said to be higher if the victim lives with the caregiver who is abusing them.(Bruising study). A Canada wide study found somewhat inconsistent results, and published that 1.6% of elderly people were physically abuse or mistreated in some way. This study also found that approximately 31% of the abuse cases were reported to the police. (Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older). --Lb07eh 11:33, 31 October 2011 (EDT)LB

Prevention

The two most important aspects in stopping physical abuse are recognition and reporting. There are systems in place that aim to do these two things, as well as prevent physical abuse from occurring at all. If abuse is taking place, one of the first lines of defense is recognition. Due to the fact that many elderly people have to visit a general practitioner more frequently than younger adults, the general practitioner is someone who should be skilled in recognizing signs of abuse (source). One way that GP’s may do this is by looking at bruising on the elderly person. Bruising can be a sign that physical abuse is occurring. GP’s can differentiate between normal age related, or poor health related bruising by checking to see the size of the bruises. Bruises resulting from abuse have been documented as large, and are typically found on the face, on the torso, or on the arm. (source). A second important way to both prevent as well as recognize signs of abuse is by training all health care professionals to identify elderly who are at risk. These high risk cases were discussed previously in the “who is at risk” section. Lastly, having social support programs available to both the elderly person and their caregiver can also help alleviate the stress that may foster an abusive environment.

--Lb07eh 11:33, 31 October 2011 (EDT)LB

Psychological Elder Abuse

Psychological elder abuse is an act done on purpose that causes emotional or psychological harm or distress to and elderly person^[1]. Psychological elder abuse is also known as emotional elder abuse. Specific behaviours that have been studied are name calling, being criticized, and being possessed or controlled by some one else ^[2]. Unnecessary stress is caused when elderly people are psychologically abused, these victims are often treated like children, and are sometimes isolated from their friends and family, who would be a source of comfort for the victim, or as the abuser sees it, an outlet to discuss the abuse. Victims are also often limited in their daily activities and the abuser has total control over what they are allowed to do, they mainly control the victim by fear, threats and insults.^[3]

Who is most affected by Psychological Elder Abuse

Being verbally abused is the most common form of psychological abuse, however abuse types are often co-occurring among the elderly. Psychological abuse is the most common and the most prevalent in women of the types of elderly abuse, and although it is the most common, psychological abuse is often accompanied by physical or sexual abuse^[2]. Elderly women who experience psychological abuse are often dismissive about the abuse, as they are thankful that physical and sexual abuse is not occurring, or it has ended ^[2]. Once psychological abuse occurs, it is more likely to occur again, more than half of elderly women who have been abused psychologically have been repeatedly abused^[2]. In a survey of nearly one thousand women age 55 or older, nearly half of the women said that they had suffered from at least one form of abuse since becoming elderly ^[2]. These women were less likely to be as healthy as their elderly counterparts how were not abused.Psychological abuse can also affect health, negative health effects include (but are not limited to) chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and cardiac problems ^[2]. Another study showed that in the United States, African-Americans are almost twice as likely to be abused psychologically than non African Americans, the rates are 24.4% versus 13.2 percent, which suggests that racial differences are in play and this information should be researched further by health professionals and psychologists alike^[4]. Psychological or emotional abuse is more common than physical abuse, but only slightly^[2]. --Vc09rk 13:16, 31 October 2011 (EDT)

Decreasing and Helping Psychological Abuse Victims

To help decrease psychological abuse, social services workers, registered nurses or anyone working with elderly people need to be properly trained in the detection of abuse. Detecting psychological abuse can be difficult as there is not any physical evidence ^[2] Cross training health professionals with people experienced in domestic violence could be effective in abuse detection^[2] . In order to decrease psychological abuse it is important to understand the patterns and risk factors involved ^[5]. Psychological abuse rates are highest in adults that have cognitive functioning problems ^[5] To reduce psychological abuse in elders, it is key that the caregivers take a break from watching their loved ones, in a nursing or retirement home different nurses an social workers take turns taking care of the elderly patients however at home, the onus often lies with one person. By taking time away from the caregiving role, the caregiver is able to relax and recharge, ensuring that there is not an outburst brought on from stress of taking care of the elderly person ^[3] When dealing directly with an elder abuse victim it is important to be subtle when trying to help them, elderly people will likely be embarrassed that this is happening, and they may try to draw away from people if they push to hard ^[6]. Subtle attempts to find out who is the abuser is and help give the victim confidence to talk to a social worker or domestic violence professional.--Vc09rk 13:16, 31 October 2011 (EDT)

Signs of Psychological Elder Abuse

Psychological abuse is harder to spot than physical abuse because there are not any actual marks on the person which is one of the most reliable signs of spotting abuse. One way to determine if an elderly person is being psychologically abused is actually seeing the act, a person may be verbally abusing an elderly person and not be aware that other people are listening or may not care. Actually seeing the abuse is not very likely, so it is important to look for more inconspicuous signs, such as fear of other people and the inability to make decisions alone, if the abuse is occurring at a nursing home or retirement home, the elder victim may disconnect themselves from their family because their abuser told them to do so ^[6] --Vc09rk 13:13, 31 October 2011 (EDT)

Notes and References

1. ↑ Zeranski,L., and Halgin,R. (2011) Ethical issues in elder abuse reporting: A professional psychologist’s guide. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 42(4) 294-300. Retrieved from : http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.brocku.ca/ psycarticles/docview/864787121/132AC4DBDF517B9FB5D/1?accountid=9744.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8} Fisher,B., Zink,T., Regan,S., (2010) Abuse Against Older Women: Prevalence and Health Effects. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26 (254) DOI: 10.1177/0886260510362877
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} American Psychological Association, 2011. Elder Abuse and Neglect, In Search of Solutions. Retrieved from : http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/elder-abuse.aspx
4. ↑ Beach.S., Schulz,R.,Castle,N., and Rosen,J. (2010) Financial Exploitations and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non-African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 50(6) 744-746. DOI:10.1093/geront/gnq053
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Post,L., Page,C., Connor,T., Prokhorov,A., Fang,Y., Biroscak,B., (2010) Elder Abuse in Long-Term Care: Types, Patterns, and Risk Factors. Research on Aging 32 (323) DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Myers, Wyatt (2010, July 14) Spotting the Signs of Emotional Abuse. Retrieved from: http://www.everydayhealth.com/emotional-health/spotting-the-signs-of-emotional- abuse.aspx