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| ALSO, just put the reference in brackets like "Blah blah blah - (ah CLASSY writing sean) (Hieber, Mäggi, and Mark O. Gessner. 2002. CONTRIBUTION OF STREAM DETRIVORES, FUNGI, AND BACTERIA TO LEAF BREAKDOWN BASED ON BIOMASS ESTIMATES. Ecology 83:1026–1038.)" and i will add them to the reference page at the end so it has the correct reference format and anchor links | ALSO, just put the reference in brackets like "Blah blah blah - (ah CLASSY writing sean) (Hieber, Mäggi, and Mark O. Gessner. 2002. CONTRIBUTION OF STREAM DETRIVORES, FUNGI, AND BACTERIA TO LEAF BREAKDOWN BASED ON BIOMASS ESTIMATES. Ecology 83:1026–1038.)" and i will add them to the reference page at the end so it has the correct reference format and anchor links | ||
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| + | is this due on thursday or friday ? | ||
| ==References Used (indicate name)== | ==References Used (indicate name)== | ||
Revision as of 17:43, 19 March 2013
Ecological contributions of fungi (biochemistry).
Fungus is a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.[1] Fungi are widely known for their culinary uses, however fungi have a significant ecological impact; fungi impact ecology in both beneficial and harmful ways. Ecological studies have found that in healthy forest soils, 90% of the total living organisms consist of fungi. The remaining 10% are made up of organisms such as nematodes, algae, rotifiers, protozoa, springtails, mites and worms [2]. In addition, fungi are used in the agriculture, medicine, research, and biotechnology sectors.[3]
Fungi may contribute substantially to soil microbial biomass as well as to the genetic diversity among soil microorganisms. [4] Fungi can utilize carbohydrates like L-arabinose, D-xylose and cellobiose aerobically and some soil yeasts are also found to assimilate intermediates of lignin degradation as well. [4] It has also been shown that fungi can enhance plant growth as well. They do this by expanding the plant's roots and thus making it easier for both the plant and fungi to get nutrients.
Contents |
History
Fungi are found everywhere in the natural environment and they play fundamental roles in the biosphere. Several biochemical processes controlled by fungi are thus; the recycling of nutrient, plant nutrient acquisition, decomposition of dead biomass, release of gases to the environment. Fungi can respond to processes altered by global change such as soil temperature and moisture, availability of nutrient and atmospheric chemistry.
Decomposition is a vital ecological process driven by fungi. Without decomposition, the world would be filled with piles of dead biomass or dead organic matter. For decomposition to fully take effect, fungi secretes chemical that digests dead organic matter, following the initial decomposition process by detritus. Fungi are saprophytes. Saprophytes together with detritus are essential in the recycling and fragmentation processes of decomposition.(http://science.jrank.org/pages/1967/Decomposition.html)
Species Types
Many fungal species contribute ecologically, although the most common relationship between a fungi and plants can be seen as Mycorrhiza. A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship in which a fungus can associate with the roots of a vascular plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus has the ability to colonize the host plant's roots. This process generally occurs intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF or AM), but may also occur extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The relationship between these fungi and their plant host's is extremely important in maintaining soil growth and soil chemistry. ( REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza)
Processes
Signal Transduction Pathways
Fungal Decomposition/ Recycling
Decomposition is a general term used to describe the interrelated processes by which organic matter is broken down to CO2 and humus with a simultaneous release of nutrients. (http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc219/biogeo/decomp.htm) The amount of organic matter decomposed depends on two factors: climate and temperature However, because these two factors often determine one another the rate of decompostion (Mt) = M0 e-kt (http://nre509.wikidot.com/lecture-5:decomposition-constant-k)
M is the mass of litter at a certain time;
M0 is the initial mass of litter;
e is the base of the natural logarithm;
k is the decomposition constant; and
t is the amount of time passed since the initial measurement
Leaf decomposition is commonly observed throughout many ecosystems, of which fungi can be classified the secondary contributor next to detritivorous invertebrates (shredders). Experimental results show that samples of alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willow (Salix fragilis) leaves placed in a stream during peak leaf fall, and retrieved periodically to determine leaf mass remaining and the biomass of leaf-associated organisms indicated that shredders accounted for approximately 51% of leaf mass loss, while fungi contributed approximately 18%, and bacteria approximately 7%. (REFERENCE IS: Hieber, Mäggi, and Mark O. Gessner)
Biochemical By-Products
Reference
Group Discussion
chat here
so when is everyone starting this ?
Jordan and I are starting our part today (March 18th). If everyone submits their parts I will look it over the night before and correct the formatting so it all looks the same.
ALSO, just put the reference in brackets like "Blah blah blah - (ah CLASSY writing sean) (Hieber, Mäggi, and Mark O. Gessner. 2002. CONTRIBUTION OF STREAM DETRIVORES, FUNGI, AND BACTERIA TO LEAF BREAKDOWN BASED ON BIOMASS ESTIMATES. Ecology 83:1026–1038.)" and i will add them to the reference page at the end so it has the correct reference format and anchor links
is this due on thursday or friday ?
References Used (indicate name)
Sean/Jordan 1) May, G. S., & Adams, T. H. (1997). The importance of fungi to man. Genome research, 7(11), 1041-1044.
Sean/Jordan 2) The importance and ecology of yeasts in soil Soil Biology and Biochemistry (January 2011), 43 (1), pg. 1-8 Alfred Botha
Norbert 3) Hieber, Mäggi, and Mark O. Gessner. 2002. CONTRIBUTION OF STREAM DETRIVORES, FUNGI, AND BACTERIA TO LEAF BREAKDOWN BASED ON BIOMASS ESTIMATES. Ecology 83:1026–1038.
Norbert 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza
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