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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
- | Fungi produce two types of metabolites; those that are required for survival and those that are not required but have evolutionary advantages (Moore et al 2011). These are labeled primary metabolites and secondary metabolites and can occur at the same time using similar intermediates(Moore et al 2011). Secondary metabolites are often smaller molecules that are often present after food sources are depleted (Keller et al 2005 & Moore et al 2011). Few secondary metabolites are present during primary metabolism as additional transporters of intermediates (Keller et al 2005). | + | Fungi produce two types of metabolites; those that are required for survival and those that are not required but have evolutionary advantages (Moore et al 2011). These are labeled primary metabolites and secondary metabolites and can occur at the same time using similar intermediates(Moore et al 2011). Secondary metabolites are often smaller molecules that are often present after food sources are depleted (Keller et al 2005 & Moore et al 2011). Few secondary metabolites are present during primary metabolism as additional transporters of intermediates, however many are bioactive(Keller et al 2005). |
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== Species types involved == | == Species types involved == | ||
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=== Volatiles (odour) === | === Volatiles (odour) === | ||
=== Antibiotics === | === Antibiotics === | ||
- | The ability of a fungus to produce antibiotics as a secondary metabolite allows for it to have an evolutionary advantage since it can inhibit the growth of competitors (Moore et al 2011). | + | |
+ | The ability of a fungus to produce antibiotics as a secondary metabolite allows for it to have an evolutionary advantage since it can inhibit the growth of competitors (Moore et al 2011). | ||
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==== Penicillin ==== | ==== Penicillin ==== | ||
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+ | Penicillin was the first broad spectra antibiotic to be identified (Keller et al 2005). | ||
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==== Griseofulvin ==== | ==== Griseofulvin ==== | ||
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Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug which is used both in animals and humans to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails and taken orally. The most common skin infection is the ringworm. It was first isolated from ''Penicillium griseofulvum'' in 1939. | Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug which is used both in animals and humans to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails and taken orally. The most common skin infection is the ringworm. It was first isolated from ''Penicillium griseofulvum'' in 1939. | ||
Revision as of 20:58, 19 March 2013
Secondary Metabolites of Fungi
Contents |
Definitions
- Primary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in primary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
- Secondary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in secondary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
- Primary metabolism: metabolic processes central to most cells, biosynthesis of macromolecules, energy production, turnover (www.medilexicon.com)
- Secondary metabolism: metabolic processes in which substances (such as pigments, alkaloids, or terpenes) are only synthesized in certain types of tissues or cells or are only synthesized under certain conditions (www.medilexicon.com)
- Intermediate: A metabolic intermediate is a sub product produced at a certain step in the pathway that is used at a later time in the same pathway or a different pathway (Moore et al 2011)
- Transporter: A transporter is an molecule that binds to a substrate in order to move it to another location (Moore et al 2011)
- Antibiotic: A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms (www.medilexicon.com)
- Evolutionary advantage: having a trait/characteristic that competing species do not have that causes favoritism by selection (Bergstrom et al 2012)
Introduction
Fungi produce two types of metabolites; those that are required for survival and those that are not required but have evolutionary advantages (Moore et al 2011). These are labeled primary metabolites and secondary metabolites and can occur at the same time using similar intermediates(Moore et al 2011). Secondary metabolites are often smaller molecules that are often present after food sources are depleted (Keller et al 2005 & Moore et al 2011). Few secondary metabolites are present during primary metabolism as additional transporters of intermediates, however many are bioactive(Keller et al 2005).
Species types involved
Pigments
Volatiles (odour)
Antibiotics
The ability of a fungus to produce antibiotics as a secondary metabolite allows for it to have an evolutionary advantage since it can inhibit the growth of competitors (Moore et al 2011).
Penicillin
Penicillin was the first broad spectra antibiotic to be identified (Keller et al 2005).
Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug which is used both in animals and humans to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails and taken orally. The most common skin infection is the ringworm. It was first isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum in 1939.
The drug disrupts the mitotic spindle through interacting with polymerized microtubules where inhibiting the mitosis. The cells get resistant to fungal infections when it binds to keratin in keratin precursor cells. The drug reaches its site of action only when the hair or skin is replaced by the keratin griseofulvin complex. Then the drug will bind to fungal microtubules by entering the dermatophyte through energy dependent transport process. Therefore, the process of mitosis changes and the original information for deposition of fungal cell walls.
Griseofulvin can also be a potential treatment for cancer. They use an unusual mechanism to confirm the correct genetic material is present within each of the resulting tumor cells when cancer cells divide, undergo mitosis. The most common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, headache, skin eruptions and photosensitivity. Hepatotoxicity and neurological side effects hardly occur.
Immune-suppressants
Toxins
Steroids
Processes involved
History
References
Atmosukarto I, Castillo U, Hess WM, Sears J, Strobel G. 2005.Isolation and characterization of Muscodor albus I-41.3s, a volatile antibiotic producing fungus. Plant Science 169 854-861
Bergstrom CT, Dugatkin LA. 2012. Evolution. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
Díez B, Marcos AT, Rodríguez M, de la Fuente JL, Barredo JL. 2001. Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of the g-Actin Encoding Gene from the Penicillin-Producing Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Current Microbiology 42 117–121
Fungal Biology. 2004. University of Sydney: http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/Feeding/secndryMetabolites.shtml
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW. 2005. Fungal Seconardy Metabolism - from Biochemistry to Genomics. Nature Reviews|Microbiology 3 937-947
Moore D, Robson G D, Trinci A P J. 2011. 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.