Autonomous vehicles: challenges, opportunities, and future implications for transportation policies

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	==Context==		==Context==
-	The online presence via social media for online service brands has become an important factor in order for brands to promote themselves through advertisement and marketing. Many services that were once ‘offline’ have shifted their focus from one-way communication to customer-customer interaction via social media. (Mills & Plangger, p. 522). This shift creates a more meaningful relationship between customer and service, offering long-lasting relationships and personal connections between customer and service. The authors begin by explaining the various forms of social media and conclude their argument by offering a strategy of how to resource for online services.	+	The advancement of autonomous vehicles (AV) offers new opportunities through financial and temporal means. This article reviews the technological specifications of AVs and overviews challenges that are brought upon AVs such as machine ethics and safety. Eleven advantages and disadvantages of AVs are discussed to describe the positives and negatives of AVs in their practical use (Asadi p. 287). As an emerging technology that is predicted to shift the realm of automobiles in the future, the understanding of AVs is analyzed to provide an understanding of how this technology will be of relevance for everyday drivers.
	==Overview==		==Overview==
-	The authors of this article discuss how brands can establish beneficial communication between their customers by improving or creating an online presence via social media (Mills & Plangger, p. 529). They argue how the communication of dialogue between brand service and customers develops a level of trust between brands and customers. With the integration of social media and the internet, there has been a migration of how these service brands must develop their interactive relationship with customers, which is now done through online services. The integration of social media has an outlonging reach as well, a third of 18-44 year-old social media users consciously follow brands and brand pages on social media networks (Mills & Plangger, p. 528). The young-adult market is a crucial market segment in order to retain customers for long-term sustainability, social media acts as the bridge for service brands to create a relationship with their targeted audience. To further their argument about the importance of an online presence for a brand, the authors provide a nine-step process of a strategic process for creating the relationship between brand and customer.	+	This article discusses how AV technology can pave the way for the future, but brings to light the multitude of challenges and consequences caused by the usage of AV technology. In order to support their claims, the authors of this article have created a conceptual method based on AVs that predicts where AVs will be in the future and a statistical model for the calculated efficiency of AVs within relation with traffic (Asadi 291). With statistical analysis and formulas, the authors equate how AVs will react when sharing roads with non autonomous vehicles and the interconnectedness of AVs within response of one another. The study used data already established from the joint efforts by universities and manufacturers. By formulating the data, the authors were able to examine which traffic pattern is the most desirable when it comes to AVs (Asadi p. 293). The results of the study concluded that the System Optimal traffic pattern was the most desirable as the total travel time spent within this traffic network was minimized.
	==Strengths and Weaknesses==		==Strengths and Weaknesses==
-	The first strength of this article is the constant reiteration of why the concept of communication between brand and customer is important. The authors go into detail about how the connection between brand and customer establishes a relationship where the customer is likely to feel association towards the brand and therefore be more trustworthy of that brand. Another point the authors make is how the constant activity of social media allows for their viewers to have a constant channel of communication between their audience. The article explains how self-promotion of a brand through social media also simultaneously engages a relationship with their customer, thus causing a constant flux of activity between brand and user. Finally, the article outlines a strategy through steps as to how a brand should think when wanting to interact with their audience. It can be summed down to targeting a set audience, building a platform for that audience and managing the interaction of the platform between the targeted audience.	+	The first strength of this article is how the authors describe the importance of AVs. There are various points made where the authors suggest how AVs diminish traffic congestion and more suitable economically than traditional vehicles. Alongside these points there is added benefit of safety for AVs due to the technology available, ninety percent of vehicular accidents are deemed to be human error (Asadi 288). That being said, the authors are not biased when it comes towards their interest in AVs as they also point out complications and sociological implications towards AVs if they were to ever become the norm. Not only are the positives and negatives listed in the article, the authors also go over a brief explanation as to how AVs work, this is done by giving a quick history of AVs and the levels of automation AVs can exhibit (Asadi 287).
-	The main weakness this article has is it doesn’t establish how a service brand should go about creating an online persona for their service. There is constant reiteration of the importance of why service brands should utilize social media to promote themselves, although the authors don’t dictate how that exactly should be done. They provide a process of steps, although these steps are more about reasoning than implementation. These steps explain as to what the service brand should be doing to target their audience but don’t establish how a service brand should go about creating a proper ‘persona’ of themselves on social media. This persona being what the company represents and what they offer for their customers.	+	The second strength is how the authors have done their own study to determine the benefits when it comes to how AVs will respond with traffic. Extensive data analysis has been performed by the authors to showcase their reasonings and beliefs as to how AVs will affect traffic. This methodology provides proof in the claims that the authors are making, which is how AVs are an advantage to society. Although that being said, even though the statistical analysis is a strength of this article, it can also be deemed as a weakness. This is due to how if the reader is not knowledgeable about the notation being used, they will not be able to comprehend the study being performed by the authors. The authors explain the variables and results from their formulas, but if the reader is not familiar with the notation then they could become lost and be taking in information at word value.
		+
	==Assessment==		==Assessment==
-	In conclusion, the article addresses the importance of why a service brand should go online, specifically through the integration of social media. The article describes different strategies of utilizing social media, and how different forms of social media can be utilized for different marketing purposes. After a brand establishes a channel of communication between their customer, it creates a level of trust that the customer has for that brand through the relationship that is built. The article analyzes the importance of an online presence and how social media should be used by brands to build their online presence.	+	In conclusion, the article addresses how AVs will readily impact the world of vehicles through economical and safety features provided by AVs. Using their methodology, the authors dictated the most beneficial traffic patterns that would coincide with usage of AVs, thus expressing how AVs will impact traffic positively. AVs are deemed to impact society in terms of crash savings, travel time reduction, fuel efficiency, and parking benefits. That being said, the authors also express concerns and challenges of the integration of AVs, showcasing how the technology is still in its infancy. Overall, this article provides knowledge as to how AVs would integrate into society today.

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Revision as of 18:52, 16 March 2019

Asadi, Mohsen. Asadi Bagolee, Saeed. Oliver, Tracey. Tavana, Madjid. (2016). Autonomous vehicles: challenges, opportunities, and future implications for transportation policies. Journal of Modern Transportation, 24(4), 284-303.

Find article online:

Link goes here

DOI: 10.1007/s40534-016-0117-3

Contents 1 Context 2 Overview 3 Strengths and Weaknesses 4 Assessment

Context

The advancement of autonomous vehicles (AV) offers new opportunities through financial and temporal means. This article reviews the technological specifications of AVs and overviews challenges that are brought upon AVs such as machine ethics and safety. Eleven advantages and disadvantages of AVs are discussed to describe the positives and negatives of AVs in their practical use (Asadi p. 287). As an emerging technology that is predicted to shift the realm of automobiles in the future, the understanding of AVs is analyzed to provide an understanding of how this technology will be of relevance for everyday drivers.

Overview

This article discusses how AV technology can pave the way for the future, but brings to light the multitude of challenges and consequences caused by the usage of AV technology. In order to support their claims, the authors of this article have created a conceptual method based on AVs that predicts where AVs will be in the future and a statistical model for the calculated efficiency of AVs within relation with traffic (Asadi 291). With statistical analysis and formulas, the authors equate how AVs will react when sharing roads with non autonomous vehicles and the interconnectedness of AVs within response of one another. The study used data already established from the joint efforts by universities and manufacturers. By formulating the data, the authors were able to examine which traffic pattern is the most desirable when it comes to AVs (Asadi p. 293). The results of the study concluded that the System Optimal traffic pattern was the most desirable as the total travel time spent within this traffic network was minimized.

Strengths and Weaknesses

The first strength of this article is how the authors describe the importance of AVs. There are various points made where the authors suggest how AVs diminish traffic congestion and more suitable economically than traditional vehicles. Alongside these points there is added benefit of safety for AVs due to the technology available, ninety percent of vehicular accidents are deemed to be human error (Asadi 288). That being said, the authors are not biased when it comes towards their interest in AVs as they also point out complications and sociological implications towards AVs if they were to ever become the norm. Not only are the positives and negatives listed in the article, the authors also go over a brief explanation as to how AVs work, this is done by giving a quick history of AVs and the levels of automation AVs can exhibit (Asadi 287).

The second strength is how the authors have done their own study to determine the benefits when it comes to how AVs will respond with traffic. Extensive data analysis has been performed by the authors to showcase their reasonings and beliefs as to how AVs will affect traffic. This methodology provides proof in the claims that the authors are making, which is how AVs are an advantage to society. Although that being said, even though the statistical analysis is a strength of this article, it can also be deemed as a weakness. This is due to how if the reader is not knowledgeable about the notation being used, they will not be able to comprehend the study being performed by the authors. The authors explain the variables and results from their formulas, but if the reader is not familiar with the notation then they could become lost and be taking in information at word value.

Assessment

In conclusion, the article addresses how AVs will readily impact the world of vehicles through economical and safety features provided by AVs. Using their methodology, the authors dictated the most beneficial traffic patterns that would coincide with usage of AVs, thus expressing how AVs will impact traffic positively. AVs are deemed to impact society in terms of crash savings, travel time reduction, fuel efficiency, and parking benefits. That being said, the authors also express concerns and challenges of the integration of AVs, showcasing how the technology is still in its infancy. Overall, this article provides knowledge as to how AVs would integrate into society today.