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*Joanna Carr *Joanna Carr
==What is Emotional Elder Abuse?== ==What is Emotional Elder Abuse?==
-Emotional abuse is defined as psychological mistreatment which negatively affects a person’s emotions.<ref>Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. ''Research on Aging, 32,'' 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.</ref> There are nine ways in which emotional abuse can be committed and they are described below.<ref>Peretti, P., & Majecen, K. (1991). Emotinal abuse among elderly: Affecting behaviour variables. ''Social Behaviour and Personality, 19,'' 255-261.</ref>.+Emotional abuse is defined as psychological mistreatment which negatively affects a person’s emotions.<ref name="Post">Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. ''Research on Aging, 32,'' 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.</ref> There are nine ways in which emotional abuse can be committed and they are described below.<ref>Peretti, P., & Majecen, K. (1991). Emotinal abuse among elderly: Affecting behaviour variables. ''Social Behaviour and Personality, 19,'' 255-261.</ref>.
[[Image:elderabuse.jpg|thumbnail|right]] [[Image:elderabuse.jpg|thumbnail|right]]
#'''Lack of Attention''' - This is lack of attention that was once provided to them. This makes the elder person feel isolated, and alone. They also feel that their personal feelings are ignored especially in decision making processes. #'''Lack of Attention''' - This is lack of attention that was once provided to them. This makes the elder person feel isolated, and alone. They also feel that their personal feelings are ignored especially in decision making processes.

Revision as of 17:56, 1 November 2011

Contents

Emotional Elder Abuse

  • Kelly Andrews
  • Joanna Carr

What is Emotional Elder Abuse?

Emotional abuse is defined as psychological mistreatment which negatively affects a person’s emotions.[1] There are nine ways in which emotional abuse can be committed and they are described below.[2].

  1. Lack of Attention - This is lack of attention that was once provided to them. This makes the elder person feel isolated, and alone. They also feel that their personal feelings are ignored especially in decision making processes.
  2. Lack of Affection - This includes lack of any tactile stimulation (hugging, kissing, holding hands etc.) that once was provided to them. This makes the elderly confused, agitated and guilty because they feel they have done something wrong to be treated this way.
  3. Neglect - This is when the caregiver fails to regard everyday life necessities such as food, water and bathing. This may make the elder person feel unwanted or unneeded and increases depression because they are not being taken care of properly.
  4. Derogatory Naming - This includes any name calling or labelling of the elder person. Many elder persons feel hurt and saddened when they are unnecessarily attacked through name calling.
  5. Demeaning Commentary - These are comments that lessen the worth, value and dignity of the elder person. This makes the elder person more timid and caused emotional distress.
  6. Exploitation - This is when the elder person is being taken advantage of for the caregivers benefit. This can cause elder people to distrust many people as well as become hypervigilant in their social relationships.
  7. Physical Threats - This includes threats of hitting, kicking, punching etc. of the elder person. These threats increase the elder person’s fearfulness, helplessness and hopelessness because they are fearful these threats will turn into actions.
  8. Loud Talking - This includes yelling and screaming and can increase the anxiety of the elder person. The elder person may also become disoriented because of the loud talking.
  9. Confinement - This includes not allowing the elder person out of their room or house. This can increase stress and depression in the elder person because they are confined to such a small area.

Who is Most Likely to Commit Emotional Elder Abuse?

The majority of elder abusers are their primary caregivers because they are around them so often[3]. If the elder person is living in a hospital or long term care facility, it is more than likely the emotional abuse will come from the nurses/caregivers of those facilities[4]. Caregivers who are being abused by the patient (verbally, physically or emotionally) are more likely to abuse the elder person than caregivers who are not abused by the patients[5]. This can also include staff-patient conflicts (if the caregiver and patient do not get along) or family-staff conflicts (family and staff that don’t get along)[6]. Overworked and stressed caregivers are also more likely to commit emotional abuse because of the rate of burnout that they go through[7]. If the primary caregiver is a family member, the family member may also abuse the elder person. The same criteria for the caregivers at facilities can also be the criteria for a family member caregiver[8]. For example, if the family member is working long hours at work and then have to come home to look after the elder person, they may be feeling stressed and overworked. As well, if the family member feels as if they are being abused by the elder person, they are more likely to commit abuse back to the elder person[9].

Risk Factors of Emotional Elder Abuse

An elder person who has behaviour and/or physical functioning problems is more at risk of being emotionally abused than those who do not have these problems[10]. Elder people who have behaviour problems such as being abusive to others or restricting care by the caregiver are more likely to obtain emotional abuse (such as confinement or neglect)[11]. Elder people, who have physically debilitating problems such as personal hygiene problems, incontinence, needing a wheelchair/walker/walking assistance, are also at an increased risk of emotional abuse. This is because they usually need more care and attention than others (which can result in a stressed/overworked caregiver)[12]. As well, patients who have hygiene problems or incontinence are more likely to be belittled by the caregivers because of their problems[13]. Some other risk factors identifed that may increase the likelyhood of emoitonal abuse are stated below:[14]

  • Age - The older a person is, the more likely they will need more attention from a caregiver.
  • Gender - This could either increase or decrease the likelihood of emotional abuse depending on the caregiver.
  • Family Situation - If the family is not as involved with the patient the less likely abuse would be detected.
  • Cognitive Decline - This may increase behaviour and/or physically debilitating problems, which can increase the likelihood of emotional abuse.

For more information on Emotional Elder Abuse and other forms of Elder Abuse please click here.

Notes and References

  1. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  2. ↑ Peretti, P., & Majecen, K. (1991). Emotinal abuse among elderly: Affecting behaviour variables. Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 255-261.
  3. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  4. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  5. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  6. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  7. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  8. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.
  9. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.
  10. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  11. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  12. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  13. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  14. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.


--Ka08ti 13:45, 28 October 2011 (EDT)


Prevention of Emotional Elder Abuse

Prevention of emotional elder abuse is vital. Why?:

  • One reason is that emotional elder abuse is one of the more difficult to address and identify and so can go on for much longer.
  • Another reason is that the elderly population is expected to rise drastically over the next 40 years. The elderly population is expected to increase to 25% by the year 2051.
  • In addition to that, in the USA reports state that general elder abuse occurs to 32 in 1000 people and are suggested to be higher for those who have dementia. [15] Therefore arguments have been made to suggest that long with the population increase there will be an increase in the number of cases occurring. [16]

Many studies look into prevention of emotional elder abuse, some looking at the issue from the perspective of the practitioner, some considering the point of view of the public. Others look at what methods could be used and are be used and often evaluate the effectiveness of prevention methods that are in place.

Practitioners

The views that have been found to come from the practitioners in studies have concluded that there is an increased need for professional training of being able to identify the previously mentioned risk factors. Other views that have been presented by practitioners is that there is an increased need for collaboration between forces in the field of elderly support and assistance.[17]

Public Opinions

Public opinions were sought on mandatory reporting of elder mistreatment. The current elderly generation see discussing any kind of abuse as taboo. This raises issues because if they are not willing to discuss the issue, preventing it will be difficult.[18] However, this may be likely to change as around a third of the population of young-middle adults were in favour of mandatory reporting and these generations will soon make up the elderly generation and so prevention and awareness may be on the increase along with the elderly population increasing. This suggests that population increase does not necessarily mean an increase in those being abused as previously mentioned.

Other Cultures

Other cultures have laws in place regarding mandatory reporting. For example, Japan has enacted the elder abuse prevention and caregiver support law.[19] Such laws have made an impact and so rates of known cases have increased and also abusive cases have also started to decline and also get intervened in the earlier stages. [19] Several other prevention strategies of emotional elder abuse have also been found to be effective on smaller groups through research studies.

Ways to Prevent

  • Media Coverage is a large aspect of ways in which emotional elder abuse could be prevented. [18] Awareness needs to be raised about the risk factors and of the ways in which prevention can occur. There are two fields this needs to take place in. The first is in the general public, and the second is within staff training. An example of media coverage being in effect is of the court of Mickey Rooney who experience elderly abuse and whose court hearing on his emotional black mail made onto the television. A video of Mickey Rooneys case can be found here: [1]
  • Using case studies such as these have also found to be effective in staff training session with existing organisations. Staff were found to feel more satisfied in their abilities to identify and intervene with emotional elderly abuse after having survivors of the abuse as guest speakers, seeing videos and photographs of those who experienced the emotional abuse. [15]
  • Another tactic of raising awareness and educating the public and those who are part of the organisations that currently exist is through Public Service Announcements. To see an existing PSA click here: [2] Through further educating people about emotional elderly abuse the possibility of changing the attitudes towards the elderly may arise. Ageism may be eliminated which can contribute to elderly abuse. Cultural norms about elderly individuals and their need to remain independent may also contribute towards prevention.[16]
  • A prevention strategy which involved the collaboration of multiple programs and services was found to be effective mainly due to the fact that one association does not have enough resources and knowing to cover every aspect of emotional elderly abuse. [20] For example the Elder Abuse Diagnosis and Intervention model has two stages. Stage one deals with assessment and stage two deal with intervention. Those using the EADI model will have the resources to assess the situation however will need associations with other services such as APS to deal with the intervention of the case.[20].
  • Overall, research on the prevention of emotional elderly abuse suggests that the effective methods of preventing the abuse are collaboration, increasing awareness and using interpersonal training techniques. For further information on resources that are available for the prevention of elder abuse please visit the following website: [3]

--Jc09sm 17:02, 1 November 2011 (EDT)

Notes and References

  1. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  2. ↑ Peretti, P., & Majecen, K. (1991). Emotinal abuse among elderly: Affecting behaviour variables. Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 255-261.
  3. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  4. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  5. ↑ Gibbs, L., & Mosqueda, L. (2004). Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Annals of Long-Term Care, 12, 30-35.
  6. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  7. ↑ Post, L., Page, C., Conner, T., Prokhorov, A., Fang, Y., Biroscak, B. (2010). Elder abuse in long term care: Types, patterns and risk factors. Research on Aging, 32, 323-348. DOI: 10.1177/0164027509357705.
  8. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.
  9. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.
  10. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  11. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  12. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  13. ↑ Shugarman, L., Fries, B., Wolf, R., & Morris, J. (2003). Identifying older people at risk of abuse during routine screening practices. JAGS, 51, 24-31.
  14. ↑ Cohen, M., Halevi-Levin, S., Gagin, R., & Friedman, G. (2006). Development of screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by caregivers. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 660-685. DOI: 10.1177/0898264306293257.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Alt, K. L., Nguyen, A. L., & Meurer, L. N. (2011). The effectiveness of educational programs to improve recognition and reporting of elder abuse and neglect: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 23, 213-233.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Peri, K., Fanslow, J., Hand, J., & Parsons, J. (2009). Keeping older people safe by preventing elder abuse and neglect. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 35, 159-172.
  17. ↑ Pillemer, K., Breckman, R., Sweeney, C. D., Brownell, P., Fulmer, T., Berman, J., . . . Lachs, M. S. (2011). Practitioners' views on elder mistreatment research priorities: Recommendations from a research-to-practice consensus conference. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 23, 115-126.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Stieber Roger, K., & Ursel, J. (2009). Public opinion on mandatory reporting of abuse and/or neglect of older adults in Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 21, 115-140.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Nakanishi, M., Nakashima, T., & Honda, T. (2010). Disparities in systems development for elder abuse prevention among municipalities in Japan: Implications for strategies to help municipalities develop community systems. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 400-404.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Imbody, B., & Vandsburger, E. (2011). Elder abuse and neglect: Assessment tools, interventions, and recommendations for effective service provision. Educational Gerontology, 37, 634-650.
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