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Secondary Metabolites of Fungi

1 Definitions
2 Introduction
3 Species types involved
4 Processes involved
5 History
6 References

Definitions

Primary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in primary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
Secondary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in secondary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
Primary metabolism: metabolic processes central to most cells, biosynthesis of macromolecules, energy production, turnover (www.medilexicon.com)
Secondary metabolism: metabolic processes in which substances (such as pigments, alkaloids, or terpenes) are only synthesized in certain types of tissues or cells or are only synthesized under certain conditions (www.medilexicon.com)
Intermediate: A metabolic intermediate is a sub product produced at a certain step in the pathway that is used at a later time in the same pathway or a different pathway (Moore et al 2011)
transporter: A transporter is an molecule that binds to a substrate in order to move it to another location (Moore et al 2011)

Introduction

Fungi produce two types of metabolites; those that are required for survival and those that are not required but have evolutionary advantages (Moore et al 2011). These are labeled primary metabolites and secondary metabolites and can occur at the same time using similar intermediates(Moore et al 2011). Secondary metabolites are often smaller molecules that are often present after food sources are depleted (Keller et al 2005 & Moore et al 2011). Few secondary metabolites are present during primary metabolism as additional transporters of intermediates (Keller et al 2005).

Species types involved

Pigments

Volatiles (odour)

Antibiotics

Penicillin

Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug which is used both in animals and humans to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails and taken by orally. The most common skin infection is the ringworm. It was first isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum in 1939.

The drug disrupts the mitotic spindle through interacting with polymerized microtubules where inhibiting the mitosis. The cells get resistant to fungal infections when it binds to keratin in keratin precursor cells. The drug reaches its site of action only when the hair or skin is replaced by the keratin griseofulvin complex. Then the drug will bind to fungal microtubules by entering the dermatophyte through energy dependent transport process. Therefore, the process of mitosis changes and the original information for deposition of fungal cell walls.

Griseofulvin can also be a potential treatment for cancer. They use an unusual mechanism to confirm the correct genetic material is present within each of the resulting tumor cells when cancer cells divide, undergo mitosis. The most common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, headache, skin eruptions and photosensitivity. Hepatotoxicity and neurological side effects hardly occur.

Immune-suppressants

Toxins

Steroids

Processes involved

History

References

Atmosukarto I, Castillo U, Hess WM, Sears J, Strobel G. 2005.Isolation and characterization of Muscodor albus I-41.3s, a volatile antibiotic producing fungus. Plant Science 169 854-861

Díez B, Marcos AT, Rodríguez M, de la Fuente JL, Barredo JL. 2001. Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of the g-Actin Encoding Gene from the Penicillin-Producing Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Current Microbiology 42 117–121

Fungal Biology. 2004. University of Sydney: http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/Feeding/secndryMetabolites.shtml

Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW. 2005. Fungal Seconardy Metabolism - from Biochemistry to Genomics. Nature Reviews|Microbiology 3 937-947

Moore D, Robson G D, Trinci A P J. 2011. 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

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 == Definitions ==
-*Primary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in primary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
+*'''Primary metabolite:''' a metabolite synthesized in a step in primary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
-*Secondary metabolite: a metabolite synthesized in a step in secondary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
+*'''Secondary metabolite:''' a metabolite synthesized in a step in secondary metabolism (www.medilexicon.com)
-*Primary metabolism is metabolic processes central to most cells, biosynthesis of macromolecules, energy production, turnover (www.medilexicon.com)
+*'''Primary metabolism:''' metabolic processes central to most cells, biosynthesis of macromolecules, energy production, turnover (www.medilexicon.com)
-*Secondary metabolism: metabolic processes in which substances (such as pigments, alkaloids, or terpenes) are only synthesized in certain types of tissues or cells or are only synthesized under certain conditions (www.medilexicon.com)
+*'''Secondary metabolism:''' metabolic processes in which substances (such as pigments, alkaloids, or terpenes) are only synthesized in certain types of tissues or cells or are only synthesized under certain conditions (www.medilexicon.com)
-* Intermediate: A metabolic intermediate is a sub product produced at a certain step in the pathway that is used at a later time in the same pathway or a different pathway (Moore et al 2011)
+* '''Intermediate:''' A metabolic intermediate is a sub product produced at a certain step in the pathway that is used at a later time in the same pathway or a different pathway (Moore et al 2011)
-*transporter: A transporter is an molecule that binds to a substrate in order to move it to another location (Moore et al 2011)
+*'''transporter:''' A transporter is an molecule that binds to a substrate in order to move it to another location (Moore et al 2011)
 == Introduction ==