Fungi Uses in Pest Management

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-<p>[[Definitions|Entomopathogens]], including fungi such as [[Species|''Beauveria bassiana'']], [[Species|''Metarhizium anisopliae'']] and [[Species|''Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'']] may have possible pest control applications in urban settings, and can be used in integrated pest management to control urban pests such as cockroaches, ants and termites <ref name="Milner and Pereira"> Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of ''Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology''. 20(2):695-711</ref>. Urban pest control has historically been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides, but not without certain risks<ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. Chemical pesticides and insecticides pose a hazard to users, pets and the environment, and some pests may develop resistance to pesticides due to overuse <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/><ref name="Lenz">Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. ''Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests''. 47-52</ref>. </p>+<p>[[Definitions|Entomopathogens]], including fungi such as [[Species|''Beauveria bassiana'']], [[Species|''Metarhizium anisopliae'']] and [[Species|''Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'']] may have possible pest control applications in urban settings, and can be used in integrated pest management to control urban pests such as cockroaches, ants and termites <ref name="Milner and Pereira"> Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. (2007). Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of ''Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology''. 20(2):695-711</ref>. Urban pest control has historically been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides, but not without certain risks<ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. Chemical pesticides and insecticides pose a hazard to users, pets and the environment, and some pests may develop resistance to pesticides due to overuse <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/><ref name="Lenz">Lenz, M. (2005). Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. ''Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests''. 47-52</ref>. </p>
==History== ==History==

Revision as of 12:15, 20 March 2013

This image shows different species
This image shows different species

Entomopathogens, including fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus may have possible pest control applications in urban settings, and can be used in integrated pest management to control urban pests such as cockroaches, ants and termites [1]. Urban pest control has historically been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides, but not without certain risks[1]. Chemical pesticides and insecticides pose a hazard to users, pets and the environment, and some pests may develop resistance to pesticides due to overuse [1][2].

Contents

History

The use of Entomopathogenic fungi in pest management covers a wide variety of Eumycota subdivisions. These subdivisions of Eumycota include; Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, and Deuteromycotina [3] In 1981, the first mycoinsectiside registered in the U.S. was Hirsutella thompsonii and was given the registered name; Mycar. This species has been noted to cause epizootics as early as 1920 in some species of spider mites [4]

With the rising cost of synthetic chemical pesticides and increasing cases of pesticide resistance, the search for natural biologically based forms of pest management has been a key area of research for the last decade. With the world population rising over 7 billion and the drastic effects of climate change, the need for alternative forms of pest control will become essential. Although insects are key in the performance of many ecosystems, they play a large role in the 35 billion dollars worth of crop that is lost in the United States each year [5]

There is enormous potential for pest and vector control in pest management in the future due to an increasing amount of knowledge in the area of mycology. [6]

Biopesticides in Agriculture

Insect and weed management in important crops... sustainable agriculture, as a replacement for

Fungi used as a Herbicide

See main article: Fungi used as a Herbicide


Fungi can be used as a herbicide to gain control of weeds and other plants detrimental to crops. In order to use a fungus for this purpose, a mycoherbicide is created with the fungi as its active ingredient. Mycoherbicides act by releasing phytopathogens to suppress weed growth. The phytopathogens release phytotoxins that can kill weeds in up to five weeks time. A common phytotoxin found in the fungi species Penicillium is vulculic acid. The fungi species most commonly used as herbicides in North America are Collectrichum gloeosporioides (Collego®) and Phytophthora palmivoraa (De Vine®).A specific weed strain commonly known as arrowhead (Sagitaria trifolia) is the cause of the largest rice plantation problem in Iran. Arrowhead is notably resistant to chemical herbicides. Collego® is used in the USA as the solution to arrowhead

Fungi used as an Insecticide

See main article: Fungi used as a Insecticide

Certain species of fungi can act as parasites of insect. When a fungus is used as insecticides, it is called mycoinsecticide. [7]. In recent years, crop protection has been trending towards integrated pest management (IPM) using bacteria and fungi as insecticides. Approximately 750 species of fungi are pathogenic to insects and only 12 are being utilized as insecticides [7]. Two prominent species of fungi used as insecticides are Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycoinsecticides function by first being applied to the insects in spray form. The fungi then use their hyphae to burrow into the insects. The hyphae spread the insectotoxins throughout the insect to activate them, eventually leading to the the insect’s death.

Fungi used as a Fungicide

See main article: Fungi used as a Fungicide


Biopesticides in Urban Environments

See main article: Fungi uses in Urban Environments

Entomopathogens are key components for integrated pest management solutions [1]. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides [1]. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment [1]. Previously used in agricultural settings as deterrents, fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well [2].

Pro et Cons

See main article: Pro et Cons

Novel Uses of Fungi as Biopesticides

See main article: Novel Uses of Fungi as Biopesticides

Species

See main article: Species

Definitions

See main article: Definitions

Notes and References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. (2007). Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. 20(2):695-711
  2. 2.0 2.1 Lenz, M. (2005). Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests. 47-52
  3. Rechcigl. E.J. and Rechcigl. N.A.(2000) 'BIOLOGICAL and BIOTECHNILOGICAL CONTROL of INSECT PESTS'pg 49-51 Pg
  4. Rechcigl E.J., Rechcigl N.A.(2000)Biological and Biotechnological Controls of INSECT PESTS Pg 49-51.
  5. P. A. Shah, J. K. Pell.(2003) Fungi as Biological Control Agents. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Volume 61, Issue 5-6, pp 413-423.
  6. k. Seigfried. (1998) Use of Fungi for Pest Control in Sustainable Agriculture.. Swiss Fédéral Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholz, CH-8046 Zurich. Phytoprotection, vol. 79, n° 4, 1998, p. 56-60.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Hall. and Franklin R. 1998. Mycoinsecticides on Field Crops - Production, Delivery, and Use of Mycoinsecticides for Control of Insect Pests on Field Crops. Biopesticides: "Use and Delivery" 233-270
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