Fungi Uses in Pest Management

From BIOL 2P96 Jan 2013 Group 07

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This is a background of fungi uses in pest management. Testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing... Fungi are being developed for uses in urban environments

1 History
2 Biopesticides in Agriculture
3 Pro et Cons
4 Novel Uses of Fungi as Biopesticides
5 Species
6 Definitions
7 Notes and References

History

The use of Entomopathogenic fungi in pest management covers a wide variety of Eumycota subdivisions. These subdivisions of Eumycota include; Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, and Deuteromycotina ^[1] In 1981, the first mycoinsectiside registered in the U.S. was Hirsutella thompsonii and was given the registered name; Mycar. This species has been noted to cause epizootics as early as 1920 in some species of spider mites ^[2]

With the rising cost of synthetic chemical pesticides and increasing cases of pesticide resistance, the search for natural biologically based forms of pest management has been a key area of research for the last decade. With the world population rising over 7 billion and the drastic effects of climate change, the need for alternative forms of pest control will become essential. Although insects are key in the performance of many ecosystems, they play a large role in the 35 billion dollars worth of crop that is lost in the United States each year ^[3]

Biopesticides in Agriculture

Insect and weed management in important crops... sustainable agriculture, as a replacement for

Fungi used as a Herbicide

See main article: Fungi used as a Herbicide

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

Fungi used as an Insecticide

see main article: Fungi used as a Insecticide

Certain species of fungi can act as parasites of insect. When a fungus is used as insecticides, it is called mycoinsecticide. In recent years, crop protection has been trending towards integrated pest management (IPM) using bacteria and fungi as insecticides. Approximately 750 species of fungi are pathogenic to insects. Only 12 have been utilized as insecticides. Two prominent species of fungi used as insecticides are Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycoinsecticides function by first being applied to the insects in spray form. The fungi then use their hyphae to burrow into the insects. The hyphae spread the insectotoxins throughout the insect to activate them, eventually leading to the the insect’s death.

Fungi used as a Fungicide

see main article: Fungi used as a Fungicide

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

Biopesticides in Urban Environments

see main article: Fungi uses in Urban Environments

Entomopathogens are key components for integrated pest management solutions ^[4]. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides ^[4]. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment ^[4]. Previously used in agricultural settings as deterrents, fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well ^[5].

Pro et Cons

Novel Uses of Fungi as Biopesticides

Species

Definitions

Notes and References

↑ BIOLOGICAL and BIOTECHNILOGICAL CONTROL of INSECT PESTS (2000). Rechcigl. E.J. and Rechcigl. N.A. (Pg 49) Pg
↑ Biological and Biotechnological Controls of INSECT PESTS Rechcigl E.J., Rechcigl N.A. Pg 49-51.
↑ Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. P. A. Shah, J. K. Pell. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology June 2003, Volume 61, Issue 5-6, pp 413-423.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. 20(2):695-711
↑ Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests. 47-52

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 ===Biopesticides in Urban Environments===
-''see main article'': [[Fungi uses in Urban Environements|Fungi uses in Urban Environments]]
+''see main article'': [[Fungi used in Urban Environement|Fungi uses in Urban Environments]]
 <p>[[Definitions|Entomopathogens]] are key components for integrated pest management solutions <ref name="Milner and Pereira"> Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of ''Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology''. 20(2):695-711</ref>. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. Previously used in agricultural settings as [[Definitions|deterrents]], fungi such as [[Species|''Beauveria bassiana'']], [[Species|''Metarhizium anisopliae'']] and [[Species|''Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'']] may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well <ref name="Lenz">Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. ''Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests''. 47-52</ref>. </p>