Fungi Uses in Pest Management

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''see main article'': [[Fungi used in Urban Environement|Fungi uses in Urban Environments]] ''see main article'': [[Fungi used in Urban Environement|Fungi uses in Urban Environments]]
-<p>[[Definitions|Entomopathogens]] are key components for integrated pest management solutions <ref name="Milner and Pereira"> Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of ''Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology''. 20(2):695-711</ref>. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. Previously used in agricultural settings as [[Definitions|deterrents]], fungi such as ''Beauveria bassiana'',''Metarhizium anisopliae'' and ''Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'' may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well <ref name="Lenz">Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. ''Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests''. 47-52</ref>. </p>+<p>[[Definitions|Entomopathogens]] are key components for integrated pest management solutions <ref name="Milner and Pereira"> Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of ''Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology''. 20(2):695-711</ref>. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment <ref name="Milner and Pereira"/>. Previously used in agricultural settings as [[Definitions|deterrents]], fungi such as [[Species|''Beauveria bassiana'']], [[Species|''Metarhizium anisopliae'']] and [[Species|''Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'']] may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well <ref name="Lenz">Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. ''Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests''. 47-52</ref>. </p>

Revision as of 09:57, 20 March 2013

This image shows different species
This image shows different species

This is a background of fungi uses in pest management. Testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing...

Contents

History

The use of Entomopathogenic fungi in pest management covers a wide variety of Eumycota subdivisions. These subdivisions of Eumycota include; Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, and Deuteromycotina [1] In 1981, the first mycoinsectiside registered in the U.S. was Hirsutella thompsonii and was given the registered name; Mycar. This species has been noted to cause epizootics as early as 1920 in some species of spider mites [2]

With the rising cost of synthetic chemical pesticides and increasing cases of pesticide resistance, the search for natural biologically based forms of pest management has been a key area of research for the last decade. With the world population rising over 7 billion and the drastic effects of climate change, the need for alternative forms of pest control will become essential. Although insects are key in the performance of many ecosystems, they play a large role in the 35 billion dollars worth of crop that is lost in the United States each year [3]

Biopesticides in Agriculture

Insect and weed management in important crops... sustainable agriculture, as a replacement for

Fungi used as a Herbicide

See main article: Fungi used as a Herbicide


Introduction

The presence of weeds can result in the loss of up to half of a grower’s expected crop yield. The lost yield results in economic losses which is a problem in the agriculture industry. Fungi can be used as a herbicide to gain control of weeds and solve this issue. Fungal herbicides have been legal in Canada since 1973[4]. In order to use a fungi for this purpose, a mycoherbicide is created with the fungi as its active ingredient. This mycoherbicide must be able to inhibit weed growth without harming the crop or the living things surrounding it. A benefit is that the fungi used are host specific and will reside on the soil or weed host, while a commercial chemical herbicide would need to be reapplied to the crop. Certain mycoherbicides work better on certain strains of weeds. There are currently 37 mycoherbicides and 8 techniques of applying them [5]. The fungi species most commonly used as herbicides in North America are Collectrichum gloeosporioides (Collego®) and Phytophthora palmivoraa (De Vine®).

Process

Mycoherbicides act by releasing phytopathogens to suppress weed growth. The phytopathogens release phytotoxins that can kill weeds in up to five weeks time. The pathogens released have the ability to produce spores for asexual reproduction and are tested to be stable and temperature tolerant. Fungal herbicides are easily made once the anti-herb properties have been testing as well as the living conditions for that fungi. They are easily applied by spraying. Once applied, the spores will germinate and penetrate the herb tissue and the phytotoxins will start to work. However, there are reasons fungal herbicides may not be used in place of a harmful chemical. In North America, fungal herbicides have to be registered and approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which can take years. The anti-herb capacity of fungi is generally less than that of a chemical herbicide. Fungal herbicides are not commonly used because their success rate depends on the environmental conditions and because they are so host specific.

Phytotoxins

Phytotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites that cause plant disease. In this case, the plant being infected is a weed plant. Phytotoxins may also be responsible for visual symptoms of disease such as wilting or necrosis. A common phytotoxin found in the fungi species Penicillium is vulculic acid. Vulculic acid works against weeds by increasing leaf membrane permeability, inducing lipid peroxidation and damaging the cell membrane. Phytotoxins have a limited stable state because of their short half-life and sensitivity to the environment. Phytotoxins are difficult to produce for commercial sale because they are produced in very small quantities by fungi and difficult to isolate.


Arrowhead

Arrowhead Weed
Arrowhead Weed


A specific weed strain commonly known as arrowhead (Sagitaria trifolia) is the cause of the largest rice plantation problem in Iran. Arrowhead is notably resistant to chemical herbicides. Collego® is used in the USA as the solution to arrowhead. The fungi Alternaria pellucida was tested and proved that it could successfully be used as a mycoherbicide against arrowhead in Iran. This fungi works by preventing early growth of the weed. The fungi species was tested for its anti-herb properties on three indigenous cultivars of rice, two bred cultivars and lastly on an arrowhead infested cultivar, all cultivated separately in a greenhouse. Alternaria pellucida significantly altered the height of the arrowhead weed and was concluded to be a mycoherbicide able to control the arrowhead weed.

(Not done, don't worry -Emily)

Fungi used as an Insecticide

see main article: Fungi used as a Insecticide

Fungi used as a Fungicide

see main article: Fungi used as a Fungicide

Introduction

Processes (or mode of action??)

all invasive fungi use lytic enzymes like chitinase of glucan-1,3-B-glucosidases.

4 main steps of an attack:

  • chemotaxi to that pest
  • Recognition
  • attachment
  • degradation of host wall

Steps of an invasion

Necrotroph

Biotroph

pesticide preparation

Specific example

Trichoderma harzianum

Mycoparasitic Trichoderma viride as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzuki and Pythium arrhenomanes and as a growth promoter of soybean, Rojan P. Johna R.D. Tyagia, D. Prévostb, Satinder K. Brara, Stéphan Pouleurb, R.Y. Surampallic


Pythium`oligandrum it is a water mould, but often they are studied as fungi and I have few reason why to put it in this cateroy


Gliocladium roseum

Biopesticides in Urban Environments

see main article: Fungi uses in Urban Environments

Entomopathogens are key components for integrated pest management solutions [6]. There is a large market for urban pest control that has been dominated by the use of pesticides and insecticides [6]. These chemical pesticides pose a danger not only to the person applying them, but other people, or pets, which may come into contact with the chemicals in an urban environment [6]. Previously used in agricultural settings as deterrents, fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus may have possible pest control applications in urban settings as well [7].


Pro et Contra

Novel Uses of Fungi as Biopesticides

Species

Definitions

Notes and References

  1. BIOLOGICAL and BIOTECHNILOGICAL CONTROL of INSECT PESTS (2000). Rechcigl. E.J. and Rechcigl. N.A. (Pg 49) Pg
  2. Biological and Biotechnological Controls of INSECT PESTS Rechcigl E.J., Rechcigl N.A. Pg 49-51.
  3. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. P. A. Shah, J. K. Pell. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology June 2003, Volume 61, Issue 5-6, pp 413-423.
  4. Misra, H.P. Weed Management Through Fungal Herbicides. November 2005. Orissa Review. http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Weed_Management_Through_Fungal_Herbicides.pdf
  5. Misra, H.P. Weed Management Through Fungal Herbicides. November 2005. Orissa Review. http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Weed_Management_Through_Fungal_Herbicides.pdf
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Milner, RJ. and Pereira RM. 2007. Microbial control of urban pests - cockroaches, ants and termites. Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. 20(2):695-711
  7. Lenz, M. 2005. Biological control in termite management: the potential of nematodes and fungal pathogens. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests. 47-52
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